Rete middle cerebral artery presenting with a ruptured aneurysm.

The developmental anomaly of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a rare occurrence. Rete MCA, also known as "unfused," "twig-like," and aplastic MCA, is an even rarer anomaly. These immature rete vessels are prone to flow-related aneurysms which rupture themselves presenting with intraparenchymal hematoma. We here with present a case of rete MCA with a ruptured aneurysm and discuss its pathophysiology and management.

Rapid and reliable assaying of Tc-99 in sediment samples with novel MTPN polymeric resin.

The paper describes a new method for the rapid determination of Technetium (Tc) in sediment samples using solid-phase extraction chromatography (SPEC) with a novel methyl triphenyl phosphoniumnitrate (MTPN) resin. The effectiveness of the resin in selectively recovering Tc was evaluated in both batch and column mode and exploited for rapid analysis of 'Tc'. The procedure involves the acid digestion of samples, pre-concentration of fission products in supernatant and co-precipitation of actinides with Fe(OH)3, followed by selective recovery of Tc by SPEC using a column filled with MTPN resin. The recovered Tc was then radiometrically assayed using beta counting. The method was validated using IAEA certified reference materials and was found to provide reliable and reproducible results for the activity concentration of Tc-99 in sediment samples within 24 h.

Persistent dynamic magnetic state in artificial honeycomb spin ice.

Topological magnetic charges, arising due to the non-vanishing magnetic flux on spin ice vertices, serve as the origin of magnetic monopoles that traverse the underlying lattice effortlessly. Unlike spin ice materials of atomic origin, the dynamic state in artificial honeycomb spin ice is conventionally described in terms of finite size domain wall kinetics that require magnetic field or current application. Contrary to this common understanding, here we show that a thermally tunable artificial permalloy honeycomb lattice exhibits a perpetual dynamic state due to self-propelled magnetic charge defect relaxation in the absence of any external tuning agent. Quantitative investigation of magnetic charge defect dynamics using neutron spin echo spectroscopy reveals sub-ns relaxation times that are comparable to the relaxation of monopoles in bulk spin ices. Most importantly, the kinetic process remains unabated at low temperature where thermal fluctuation is negligible. This suggests that dynamic phenomena in honeycomb spin ice are mediated by quasi-particle type entities, also confirmed by dynamic Monte-Carlo simulations that replicate the kinetic behavior. Our research unveils a macroscopic magnetic particle that shares many known traits of quantum particles, namely magnetic monopole and magnon.

Advanced machine learning-based kharif maize evapotranspiration estimation in semi-arid climate.

Accurate Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) estimation is crucial for understanding hydrological and agrometeorological processes, yet it's challenged by multiple parameters, data variations, and lack of continuity. These limitations restrict numerical methods application. To address this, the study aims to develop and assess ML models for daily maize ETc in semi-arid areas, utilizing varied weather inputs. Five ML models viz., Category Boosting (CB), Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) were developed and validated for the ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, Research Station. Penman-Monteith (PM) model estimated ETc values are used as the standard for comparing the performance of the ML model values. Results revealed that the SVM model achieved the highest coefficient of determination (R2) among all models, with a value of 0.987. Furthermore, the SVM model exhibited the lowest model errors (MAE = 0.121 mm day-1, RMSE = 0.172 mm day-1, and MAPE = 4.37%) compared to other models. The ANN model also demonstrated promising results, comparable to the SVM model. Notably, the wind speed parameter was found most influential input parameter. In conclusion, SVM or ANN could be considered reliable alternative methods for the accurate estimation of kharif maize crop ETc in the semi-arid climate.

Chemically induced ferromagnetism near room temperature in single crystal (Zn1-x Cr x )Te half-metal.

Magnetic semiconductors are at the core of recent spintronics research endeavors. Chemically doped II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductors, such as (Zn1-x Cr x )Te, provide a promising platform in this quest. However, a detailed knowledge of the microscopic nature of magnetic ground state is necessary for any practical application. Here, we report on the synergistic study of (Zn1-x Cr x )Te single crystals using elastic neutron scattering measurements and density functional calculations. For the first time, our research unveils the intrinsic properties of ferromagnetic state in a macroscopic specimen of (Zn0.8Cr0.2)Te. The ferromagnetism is onset at T C ∼ 290 K and remains somewhat independent to modest change in the substitution coefficient x. We show that magnetic moments on Zn/Cr sites develop ferromagnetic correlation in the a-c plane with a large ordered moment of µ = 3.08 µ B. Magnetic moment across the lattice is induced via the mediation of Te sites, uncoupled to the number of dopant carriers as inferred from the density functional calculation. Additionally, the ab initio calculations also reveal half-metallicity in x = 0.2 composition. These properties are highly desirable for future spintronic applications.

Identification of suitable zones and sites for rainwater harvesting using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis.

Identifying suitable zones for surface water storage and groundwater recharge is needed to enhance irrigation water availability. This study was undertaken to map rainwater harvesting (RWH) potential zones using geospatial tools and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The suitable locations for RWH were also mapped using the Boolean logic concept. The surface runoff is a vital factor to demarcate the appropriate zones for RWH. The curve number approach was used to estimate the surface runoff potential. The runoff coefficient (RC) map was generated based on rainfall and surface runoff depth. Weights have been allocated to selected themes of RC, drainage density, and slope. The themes were integrated using geographic information system (GIS) and AHP to demarcate the suitable zones for RWH. The derived RWH potential map was categorized into zones like "very good," "good," "moderate," "poor," and "very poor" with an aerial extent of 14.3%, 24.7%, 28.3%, 20.2%, and 12.6%, respectively. The area suitable for farm ponds was found to be about 9% (408 km2), 13% (329 km2), and 4% (244 km2) in Mirzapur, Chandauli, and Sonbhadra districts, respectively. Furthermore, 22, 15, and 21 locations were found suitable for check dams in Mirzapur, Chandauli, and Sonbhadra districts, respectively. At a large scale, effective planning of water management strategies based on multicriteria decision analysis and GIS offers increased availability of surface and groundwater resources and may help for enhancing the agricultural land use options. The higher resolution maps may be further utilized to plan RWH strategies at village level.

Of Eagle's Syndrome and Finding Some Clarity on Its Management.

Eagle's Syndrome is a much discussed yet controversial and debatable diagnosis of exclusion which is treated by many specialities with often unsatisfactory results. Due to entrapment/impingement on surrounding neurovascular structures by elongated styloid process patient may present with multitude of symptoms. Treatment is controversial and opinions are divided on choice of conservative and surgical management. Aim was to study outcomes of conservative and surgical modalities of treatment of Eagle's Syndrome and bring some clarity on management, what to offer, to whom and when. This prospective observational descriptive study included 15 patients of Eagle's Syndrome, 7 were treated with conservative method and 8 underwent resection of styloid process with intraoral approach. With objectives in mind to study efficacy of both management modalities, pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were recorded pre-intervention, post-intervention and during follow up on 1, 3 and 6 months and compared. Conservative management resulted in up to 70% reduction in pain VAS scores till 3 months of therapy (mean pre-intervention score being 3.71, 3 months-1, 6 months-1.29), while surgical modality resulted in nearly 99% reduction in mean pain VAS scores up to 3 months and even improved after 6 months (mean pre-intervention score being 6.75, 3 months-0.5, 6 months-0.13). With this we can conclude that conservative management provide satisfactory short-term (up to 3 months) results but recurrences are known, while surgical resection of elongated styloid process gives better long-term results (6 months and beyond).

Hypothyroxinemia in sick term neonates and its risk factors in an extramural neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Objective: Thyroid functions in the sick newborns may be altered in the first week of life. Transient hypothyroxinemia has been reported in these babies, which could be due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis or to acute illness. We conducted this study to estimate the incidence of hypothyroxinemia and determine its risk factors in sick term newborns. Materials and methods: We analyzed free T4 (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in sick term neonates (≤7 days of life) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. FT4 and TSH levels were estimated in the first week of life in all the enrolled neonates (N = 98) and then repeated at 14-21 days of life in 46 babies. Risk analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and numerical data was compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and t-test. Results: Hypothyroxinemia was seen in 10 (10.2%) of the admitted term babies. Male gender, vaginal delivery, presence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and need for mechanical ventilation (>24 hours) were identified as risk factors. There was a significant negative linear correlation between FT4 level in the first week of life and duration of hospital stay. Conclusion: Hypothyroxinemia is common in sick term neonates.

Hypothyroxinemia in sick term neonates and its risk factors in an extramural neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study.

Objective: Thyroid functions in the sick newborns may be altered in the first week of life. Transient hypothyroxinemia has been reported in these babies, which could be due to the immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis or to acute illness. We conducted this study to estimate the incidence of hypothyroxinemia and determine its risk factors in sick term newborns. Materials and methods: We analyzed free T4 (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in sick term neonates (≤7 days of life) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. FT4 and TSH levels were estimated in the first week of life in all the enrolled neonates (N = 98) and then repeated at 14-21 days of life in 46 babies. Risk analysis was conducted using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and numerical data was compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and t-test. Results: Hypothyroxinemia was seen in 10 (10.2%) of the admitted term babies. Male gender, vaginal delivery, presence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and need for mechanical ventilation (>24 hours) were identified as risk factors. There was a significant negative linear correlation between FT4 level in the first week of life and duration of hospital stay. Conclusion: Hypothyroxinemia is common in sick term neonates.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in street foods: a public health concern.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern and virulence genes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from foods of animal origin were evaluated. Based on combination disc method and ESBL E test, 42 of the 213 E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers where a high presence was observed in raw foods (60.62%), environmental samples (46.73%) and ready to eat foods (42.99%) of which 31(26.49%), 3(6.97%) and 7(15.21%) samples harbored ESBL E. coli, respectively. Higher contamination rates were observed in samples collected from meat vendors (54.36%), milk vendors (48.88%) and egg vendors (45.20%) of which 16.1%, 11.11% and 2.05%, respectively were ESBL E. coli. Among the 42 ESBL isolates, 85.71% (36/42) were multidrug-resistant. On polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, expression of beta-lactamase genes viz., blaCTXM was noted in 69.04% (29/42) ESBL isolates, blaTEM in 66.66% (28/42) and blaOXA-1 in 19.04% (8/42) isolates, while blaSHV was not detected in any of the isolates. Other AMR genes viz., blaAmpC, sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), catI, dhfrI, aac(3)-IIa(aacC2), aph(3')-Ia(aphA1), qnrB, qnrS were detected by PCR in 39, 28, 29, 3, 9, 5, 17, 11, 6, 6 and 33 isolates, respectively. None of the isolates harbored chloramphenicol (floR) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) (qnrA) genes. However, 21 isolates were positive for class I integron (int1), 5 for EPEC (eae) and 9 for ETEC (lt) while none were carrying bfp or stII genes. All ESBL producing isolates formed a single group when subjected to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC PCR) genotyping. The presence of multidrug-resistant ESBL E. coli in street foods of animal origin raises the issues of food safety and public health.

Comparative evaluation of 2D miniplates and 3D miniplates fixation in mandibular angle fracture - A clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: Mandibular angle fracture is common in road traffic accidents. This study was conducted to compare 3D miniplate system with 2D plates for treatment of mandibular angle fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 120 patients with mandibular angle fracture of both genders. After selecting patients, patients were divided into 2 groups of 60 each. In group I, patients were treated with 3D, 2.0-mm titanium plates, and in group II, patients were treated with 2D, 2.0-mm titanium miniplate in mandibular angle fracture. Patients were evaluated regularly after 1, 3, and 6 months for outcome of treatment. RESULTS: In group I, males were 22 and females were 38. In group II, males were 40 and females were 20. Right angle fracture was seen in 32 patients in group I and 26 in group II. Left angle fracture was seen in 24 in group I and 28 in group II. Right angle and left parasymphysis fracture was seen in 3 in group I and 4 in group II. Left angle and right parasymphysis fracture was seen in 1 in group I and 2 in group II. [Table 3], [Graph 1] shows that in group I, after 1 month sensory deficit was present in 5 patients and in group II in 12 patients. After 3 months, there were no patients with sensory deficit in group I and 2 in group II. Preoperatively in group I, mouth opening was 24 mm and in group II patients was 25.80 mm, which increased to 31.20 mm in group I and 28.20 mm in group II at 1 month, 32 mm in group I and 30 mm in group II at 3 months, and 37.20 and 32.12 mm in groups I and II, respectively, at 6 months. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: 3D miniplate system is reliable and effective treatment modality for mandibular angle fractures as compared with traditional 2D miniplates.[INLINE:1].

HPLC characterization of molluscicidal component of Tamarindus indica and its mode of action on nervous tissue of Lymnaea acuminata.

BACKGROUND: Fasciolosis is a water-borne disease with gastropods snail (Lymnaea acuminata) act as key-link is still burden for mankind especially in developing countries. Snail control is one of the important tools to trim down the frequency of fasciolosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the toxic effect and inhibitory potential of plant Tamarindus indica and their active constituent on the key enzyme of nervous tissue of snail L. acuminata. METHOD: The present study deals with the chromatographic isolation and identification of molluscicidal component from Tamarindus indica bark and its effects on enzymes activities of vector snail L. acuminata. RESULT: The toxicity study reveals that among all organic extract ethanol extract of T. indica bark (96 h LC50:127.4 mgL-1) was more effective than other organic extracts. The 96 h LC50 of column purified fraction of T. indica bark was 13.78 mgL-1 respectively. Saponin was isolated, characterized and identified as active molluscicidal component in the bark of T. indica by column chromatography, TLC and HPLC chromatographic methods. The in vivo and in vitro treatment of column purified fraction and saponin has significant inhibition in enzyme AChE, ACP and ALP activities. The study of inhibition kinetics indicates that inhibition of AChE and ALP is competitive, while ACP is uncompetitive in both the treatments. CONCLUSION: Thus inhibition of these enzyme activities by T. indica bark column purified fraction and saponin in the snail L. acuminata may be the cause of its molluscicidal activity which leads snail death.

Tracheostomy: Open Surgical or Percutaneous? An Effort to Solve the Continued Dilemma.

Due to lack of globally standardized guidelines and clarity on indications, patient selection, intra-operative preparations, technique, complications, postoperative care and decannulation protocols, percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) has come in vogue as compared to standard open surgical tracheostomy (OST). PercuTwist and guide wire dilatational method (GWDF), techniques of PT, offer lesser operative time and ease of surgery being a bedside procedure. There seems to be paucity of Indian literature on rising trend of increasing indications, post-operative care, management of complications and outcomes of tracheostomy. And thus, there arises a felt need to envisage a study in tertiary care setup targeting these issues and to question the so far unchallenged acceptance of new techniques and technology. Our aim is to study the recent trend of indications, complications, and outcomes of both OST and PT in a cohort of Indian patients who underwent tracheostomy. 80 patients with mean age of 59.0 ± 15 years underwent tracheostomy (OST: 48 (60%), PT: 32 (40%), and among PT, PercuTwist: 16 (50%), GWDF: 16 (50%)) for various indications with objectives to compare operative time, complications and decannulation rates of tracheostomy surgery, within the follow up period of 3 months. Most common indication of elective tracheostomy was prolonged ventilation, and for emergency ones, upper airway obstruction. Mean operative time taken by all the three techniques was comparable, i.e., 16.3 v/s 15 v/s 15.3 min (Open v/s PT GWDF v/s PT PercuTwist). Most common intra-operative complication of OST was haemorrhage (16.3%) and that of PT was false passage (8.8%). Early post-operative complications were haemorrhage (OST: 3.75%, PT: 1.25%) and tube blockage and dislodgement (equal distribution among OST and PT). Late post-operative complications were stomal granulations in PT: 7.5%. Outcomes of tracheostomy were significantly better with OST (36 (45%)) than PT (14 (17.5%)). In PT group, PercuTwist fared better than GWDF in terms of lesser complications (PercuTwist: 10%, GWDF: 18.6%) and better decannulation rates (PercuTwist: 13.6%, GWDF: 3.75%). Most common indication for tracheostomy remains prolonged intubation; complication of OST is intra and early post-operative haemorrhage and that of PT being tube dislodgement and blockage. Outcomes in form of successful decannulation are with OST.

The abundance of epiphytic liverworts on the bark of Cryptomeria japonica in relation to different physical and biochemical attributes, found in Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya.

BACKGROUND: Maintenance of biodiversity is an integral part of sustainable forest management. Epiphytic bryophytes are an important element of biodiversity. Thus, this work aims to study the role of different physical and biochemical factors in affecting the growth and proliferation of epiphytic liverworts. Fifty trees in three different plots, distributed in Senchal wildlife sanctuary, Darjeeling, were surveyed. Factors such as light intensity, moisture, and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the tree were studied to evaluate their possible role in affecting epiphytic liverworts. The effect of bark biochemical characteristics on the abundance of epiphytic liverworts was also studied by undertaking a quantitative test of pH, phenol, flavonoid, ortho-dihydric phenol, terpene, total sugar, and tannin. Multiple regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out to test the effects of these parameters. RESULTS: Light intensity, moisture, and DBH highly influenced the abundance of liverworts. Old trees had higher epiphytic liverwort cover than younger ones. Bark biochemical properties like pH, phenol, flavonoid, ortho-dihydric phenol, tannin and sugar did not have a significant effect on the epiphytic liverwort cover, while the terpenoid content of the bark reduced liverworts cover. CONCLUSION: To sustain the occurrence of epiphytic liverworts in ecosystems, forest management should ensure the presence of old trees. Light intensity and moisture had a large effect on the distribution and abundance of liverworts, so it is important to maintain tree cover, shrub layer, and tree density.

Abacavir-based Regimen for HIV-infected Children and Adolescents.

We studied 48 children receiving abacavir-based HAART regimen, over a period of one-year for side effects and failure rates. None of the children developed hypersensitivity reaction. The CD4 count significantly improved from the time of enrolment till 12 months of therapy while the failure rate was 14.5%.

Comparison of pharmacological properties and phytochemical constituents of in vitro propagated and naturally occurring liverwort Lunularia cruciata.

BACKGROUND: Study of phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of bryophytes has been neglected for a long time because of the three main reasons i.e. (i) difficulty in collection in large amount for analysis; (ii) their availablility only in particular season and (iii) their restricted geographic distribution. So, the aim of this work was to propagate Lunularia cruciata under in vitro condition for comparing its pharmacological properties and phytocmecial constituents with naturally grown counterparts. METHOD: Axenic culture of L. cruciata was established by propagating gemmae under in vitro condition. Appropriate culture conditions, media, and the effect of hormones on growth and development were studied. The phytochemical composition was determined by GC-MS analysis and pharmacological activity was evaluated by assessing the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. For the antioxidant activity ABTS+ [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)], DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and metal chelating assays were done and for evaluation of the in vitro anti-diabetic activity α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were done. RESULT: Growth of L. cruciata was recorded in half strength MS media. Benzylaminopurine (BAP: 2 mg/L) and 1-Naphtheleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.5 mg/L) were the successful hormonal combination. GC-MS analysis revealed the existence of nine key compounds in both in vitro and naturally grown L. cruciata. Result of antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity showed that in vitro grown L. cruciata has a more or less similar antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities as naturally grown ones. This result confirms the possibility of using in vitro grown plants in place of naturally grown plants for research and clinical purposes.

Numerical simulation to assess potential groundwater recharge and net groundwater use in a semi-arid region.

Accurate assessment of deep percolation (potential groundwater recharge) under different field crops is essential for sustainable management of scarce water resources and proper planning of crop rotation in irrigated, semi-arid regions of the world. The potential recharge from commonly grown field crops in semi-arid Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India was estimated using HYDRUS-1D model, where, irrigation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture dynamics were simulated. Simultaneously, net groundwater use by different cropping patterns was also calculated. Among the hydraulic parameters, n was found most sensitive for water percolation. During rainy season, 293.8 and 159.1 mm water was percolated below the root zone of cotton and soybean, respectively, which accounted for 39.4 and 32.9% of the water input. During winter season, 66.8 and 30.3 mm water was percolated below the root zone of winter maize and mustard, respectively, accounting for 20.5 and 10.6% of added water. It was observed that net groundwater use was positive for cotton, soybean, and summer maize with the values of 168.8, 159.1, and 18.0 mm year-1, respectively, and negative for rice, wheat, winter maize, and mustard. For the eight most important cropping patterns of semi-arid IGP, the net groundwater use was negative and varied between - 4.4 mm year-1 for cotton-maize and -423 mm year-1 for rice-wheat. With these cropping patterns, the overall rate of decline of groundwater was 231 mm year-1. It was found that maize-wheat and soybean-wheat cropping patterns consume much less water than rice-wheat cropping pattern and therefore are suitable to arrest the declining trend of groundwater in semi-arid IGP of India.

Curcumin Modulates Paraquat-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition by Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß) in A549 Cells.

Paraquat (PQ), a widely used potent herbicide, generates superoxide anions and other free radicals, leading to severe toxicity and acute lung injury. PQ induces pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) characterized by increased number of myofibroblasts. Time-dependent PQ-induced EMT has been evaluated in present investigation where intracellular ROS levels were significantly enhanced after 24 h of PQ intoxication. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin have been studied where alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) were incubated with curcumin (30 µΜ) for 1 and 3 h before PQ intoxication (700 µM). Western blot and immunocytochemistry studies revealed that pretreatment of A549 cells with curcumin for 3 h before PQ exposure has maintained E-cadherin expression and inhibited PQ induced α-smooth-muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) that seems to be involved in PQ-induced EMT was enhanced after PQ intoxication, but curcumin pretreatment has effectively inhibited its expression. Immunostaining studies have shown that curcumin pretreatment has significantly reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expressions, which were elevated after PQ intoxication. These results demonstrate that curcumin can regulate PQ-induced EMT by regulating the expression of TGF-ß.

Development of a Composite Hydrologic Index for Semi-Arid Region of India.

Rainfall is the major source for groundwater recharge in basins areas of central region of India. Now a day, the river basins are experiencing acute shortage of water which has resulted in lowering of groundwater level and drying up of water bodies. In order to maintain water sustainability; a composite hydrologic index was developed in the Betwa basin of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh states, India. The index was developed using principal component analysis through hydrologic, topographic as well as geographic parameters derived from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and MODFLOW model. The geomorphological parameters were categorized, on the basis of groundwater recharge potential and weight ranged from 1 to 4. The geomorphologic parameters, that is, soil type (T), slope (S), runoff ratio (R), and evapotranspiration (ET) were integrated into a single indicator of composite hydrologic index. Soil type and ET were the major factors that directly affected the groundwater recharge. These two parameters together explained 86% of total variability in the data. Based on the analysis of the four parameters that affected groundwater recharge, composite hydrologic index (CHI) was classified into very good, good, moderate, and low grade. The CHI was statistically validated using standardization methods. The index was developed as a water management tool to measure a sustainability state relative to a groundwater recharge potential, which allows for spatial and temporal comparison. This index will be helpful in natural resource management and will improve socioeconomic status of human population inhibiting in the semi-arid region.

Intranasal curcumin protects against LPS-induced airway remodeling by modulating toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression via affecting MAP kinases in mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: Bacterial infections can exacerbate asthmatic inflammation depending on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition, the outermost component of cell wall, its exposure timings as well as host's immune status. In present study, Balb/c mice were exposed to antigen (ovalbumin) and LPS simultaneously to establish an asthmatic model. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), well known for its anti-inflammatory potential, was administered through intranasal route 1 h before LPS and OVA (ovalbumin) exposure to evaluate its efficacy against airway structural changes. METHODS: Inflammatory cell infiltration in lungs was measured by flow cytometry and further eosinophils were especially measured by immunofluorescence detection of major basic protein (MBP) as marker of eosinophilc granule protein. We also measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BALF by spectrofluorometry. MMP-9 activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography and mRNA expressions of MMP-9, TIMP-1, TGF-ß1, IL-13, Collagen-1 and TLR-4 were measured in lungs. Protein expression of MAP kinases (P-ERK, P-JNK, P-p38), TLR-4, Cox-2, Lox-5 and Eotaxin was measured by western blotting. Hydroxyproline level and masson's trichrome staining were used to evaluate collagen deposition in lung. RESULTS: Exposure to LPS (0.1 µg) exacerbates airway inflammation and induces structural changes in lungs by enhanced ROS production, collagen deposition, expression of genes involved in airway remodeling and activation of MAP kinases pathway enzymes. Intranasal curcumin pretreatment had significantly suppressed inflammatory mediators and airway remodeling proteins. CONCLUSION: Our results strongly suggest that intranasal curcumin effectively protects LPS-induced airway inflammation and structural changes by modulating genes involved in airway remodeling in safer way; hence, it can be considered as supplementary alternative towards asthma treatments.